نشریه انسان پژوهی دینی
پیاپی 7-8 (بهار و تابستان 1385)

This paper has brought into consideration the unique position of spirituality restricted only to the holy presence of the seal of the prophets. The spiritual position of the last prophet (the seal) has been described based on Islamic mysticism, Quranic verses and traditions. It becomes clear that the greatest prophet, regarding essential perfects and real affection on contingent universe, is of the highest degree. He is the origin of contingent emanations, the first determination of the contingent world, the basis for all words of light. The complete manifestation of the Name "Allah", the ultimate degree of purity and the order of existential unity and intuitional multiplicity.

Under the topic of the paper it has been made clear that paying attention to systemic theory and structural functionalism, the level of nuclear technology in Iran before Islamic Revolution has been under direct influence of U.S. . It, therefore, was planned and progressed only to the extent with which the colonial interests, the motives, the values and the political intentions of  U. S. agreed. That is why the technology was limited only at the level of establishing research reactors and force centers and then much control has been exerted to oppose its nativization.  After the Islamic Revolution, modernity, post modernity and what happened in Iran, were of a new and essentially different relation, regarding the areas for civilization to happen in Iranian society. In this manner, relying on Islamic teachings, a fundamental changing in the people’s deeds and thoughts occurred and arriving at a high Islamic rank and a new Islamic life, Islamic Republic of Iran played its considerable part in the world of Islam not only attaining a desirable progress in producing core fuel but also attaining some kind of technology to plant the most fundamental cellules, some kind of nanotechnology and bio technology.  In this way, Islamic Revolution of Iran has caused multitude to understand religion in another way on which religion never can be considered of regressive role in human social and individual life. Rather it must be considered of  a vital part in succeeding of a government in political, social and cultural areas and in this manner, it can be really counted as a successful example for arriving at social and individual’s happiness when being followed, other than modernity and post modernity that have faced theoretical and spiritual obstacles.

Nowadays Muslim’s realm has been attacked seriously by enemies, while pagant’s sovereignty over Muslims has been originally disagreed with the holy Quran and they have been divinely commanded to defend themselves against transgressors . Now regarding what runs in Islam world, it is  Muslim’s  divine duty  to be acquainted with Islimic teachings about defense and the matter is more emphasized for the youngs. This paper has paid attention to the importance, the divinity and the goals of defense; meanwhile the states and conditions of defendants are pointed out too.    Fighting against transgressors is an obvious, reasonable and natural action that the holy verses of Quran and many authoritative  traditions have known it to be a religiously necessary duty. Muslim jurisprudents, specially those of Imamiyeh, have come into an agreement that when being transgressed by enemy, they are all divinely commanded to defend themselves using all their abilities in every possible way. And this defense is not conditioned by any thing at all.

Imamiyeh Jurisprudents, when dealing with worshiping and its judgments, have studied the problem of bearing formal resemblance to unbelievers in detail and measured its effects on various worships. The problem, however, has not received the attention it deserves in the fields other than worships; one, therefore, can find few references to the problem in some jurisprudential main works. In this paper, the problem of bearing resemblance to unbelievers in the fields other than worships has been studied comprehensively and using some verses and authoritative traditions, its judicial judgments in three sub-fields including: mode of dressing, adornment and customs has been proved. In this manner, some cases have been judged to be divinely forbidden and some others to be hatel. And the judgment of the resemblance with regard to its effects has been brought into consideration finally.

In this paper, epistemological principles of theology have been brought into consideration. In this branch of knowledge, religion as an essential need for human life and the authority of holy texts are demonstrated at first. Since as is understood, what given by the proofs on the existence of God, will not be in full agreement with the God as is introduced in religious texts. Relying on the proofs of "possibility and necessity" and "movement", we arrive respectively at "the cause of the causes" and "the unmoved mover". We, however, know well that the God qualified in Divine texts, differs with one understood by the proofs.     In this paper, it has been argued that the problems in theology are arranged in such a manner that, upon natural needs and tendencies of human being, vitality of religion for human life poses itself first and then on the basis of the essential goodness and badness of things as a fundamental principle, the authority of Divine texts occurs. Deeply thinking on the holy verses of Quran and being led by the words of real interpreters of it, we can be aware of God and His attributes according to our ability finally.

This paper has dealt with the theory of religious experience in an analytico-historical approach. Schleier Macher, the main theorist of this theory, presented and developed it to keep Christianity against fundamental demurs of experimental sciences and epistemology. Upon the theory, religion has an independent identity and its essence consists of an inner sensation toward and a direct dependence upon the Absolute. Soren Kierkegaard, an existentialist philosopher, has denied every intellectual treatment on the problem of faith and we are necessitated to accept it unquestionably. In his view, the only way for supporting Christianity is a leap of faith, that is, believing in it without any reasonable proof. Rudolf Otto has also brought into consideration the intuitional, mental and spiritual aspect of religion. Then William James, a pragmatist philosopher, argued that one should defend religion relying on experience and actual effects. And finally Walter Terence Stace, an analytic philosopher, has emphasized on intuitively perceiving of the Absolute and Max Weber has dealt with the theory in a sociological approach.

The question of this paper follows as: does the holy Quran includes all branches of knowledge? Scholars, replying this question, have proposed three different points of view:1-Some have thought that the holy Quran includes all branches of knowledge in different experimental, intellectual, ethical and … areas. Therefore interpreters should try to infer the sciences from it. Upon this point of view, some have tried to bring scientific findings in agreement with Quranic teachings. 2-  Some other have considered the holy Quran as a book for man to be brought up and guided in singular and social fields accordingly. One, therefore, cannot consider it as a book including all teachings of different branches of knowledge in detail. On this view, every activity for bringing them into agreement leads to distortion and fails. This divinely revealed book includes all principles and basic rules needed for human beings to arrive at happiness and in this respect there can be no failure in it. 3- Some other, knowing the holy Quran as a book revealed for guidance and salvation of man, hold that in some cases a few references have been made to the problems of experimental sciences in such a manner that the main aims of the book might be established more easily. This paper has argued against the firs but for the third view. The author, using some verses referring to sphericity and movement of the earth, have supported the claim finally.

This paper has tried to answer the question: what is the role of nation-grounded organizations in supporting national will to arrive at nuclear technology?   At first, it was necessary for the meaning and importance of national will to be recalled. Evidently without national will, national power and authority would not be established. Some definitions of nation-grounded organizations, then, were presented and the role played by them in national and international developments and their effects in national coordination, national unity and interrelation, being socialized, training effectual forces and elite- basis have been brought into consideration.    Finally the role of such organization as university students and other groups in the nuclear folder of I.R.I. has been studied and consequently it has become clear that full supporting of these organizations caused the folder to be internationally-known as a national one and therefore enemy confronted with an essential difficulty.